The field of hair restoration has witnessed dramatic changes in the past 2 decades, both in the understanding of the natural physiology of the hair follicle and in the surgical techniques used to replace areas of decreased hair density. In this review we explore the latest medical, surgical, and technological developments in the field of hair restoration with an emphasis on safety and efficacy. We also explore current theories about the growth of the hair follicle and how that information has been used to develop hair restoration techniques with natural and aesthetically pleasing results. Finally, we review current indications for hair restoration with respect to medical versus surgical therapy.